On scooping

During a weekend conversation with Vancouver’s inarguably most famous female canoeing british blogger, spanning a range of diverse, controversial subjects (including, and not limited to, hockey and lazy people), the issue was broached of scooping in science, especially in her field, namely biology.
According to Wikipedia‘s definition, scooping takes place “when a scientist or research group publishes their findings first. Being beat to the punch in this regard renders one group’s work redundant, and is regarded as a very undesirable outcome […], particularly since in some cases a single paper can include years of work and can qualify the scientists for competitive prizes”.

I think that there is more to scooping than what suggested by the above definition. Science is a competitive enterprise. If a number of research groups separately and independently attempt to find the answer to an outstanding scientific question, one of them will typically reach that goal before the others, by sheer ingenuity, hard work, luck, or any combination thereof. Such an outcome is common to many a human activity, and it does not in the least devalue the effort of the “losers”.
In science, it is always necessary for more than one investigator to reproduce the same results independently, and even though more honour will be bestowed upon the first who made the discovery, proper credit will also go to the second (and third and fourth) who confirmed it, especially if using different methods or approaches.

The word scooping implies that the scientist or group that first arrived at the desired conclusion, did so also by taking advantage of crucial information that at one time was not in their possession, but rather in the hands of competitors, information that leaked out possibly due carelessness or maladroitness of the latter, or in some cases unfair practices on the part of the former.
Let us get one thing straight: No talk of “espionage” should be taken seriously within academia. The fact is, sharing of information with the outside world is an inevitable consequence of the very way in which the scientific enterprise operates. Any suggestion of withholding cogent information from the competition, in order to avert scooping, is nonsensical and should be firmly dismissed. Scientific progress requires collaboration, openness and communication. It will be a sad day for science when we all stop talking to each other for fear of being scooped.
Not only is anyone entitled to ask questions at conferences, anyone presenting work in public is expected to answer pertinent questions in full and convincingly. Of course, people in the audience could get a clue, use the answer to their own advantage, boost their own research effort based on a hint obtained at a conference, with time achieving a leadership position within the community, a position perhaps previously held by the presenter. Again, that is simply a fact of life — it is what competition is all about, and as long as it remains fair, most of us regard it as positive for science as a whole [0].

But there are illegitimate practices into which some scientists can and do unfortunately engage, in order to gain unfair advantage over competitors. Perhaps the best known case has to do with anonymous peer review of manuscripts submitted for publication in scientific journals.
Imagine yourself as a peer reviewer, with a manuscript sitting on your desk, submitted for publication to a prestigious journal by your fiercest competitor, on a hot subject into which you and your group have been working for years without making the progress that you had initially hoped for. The manuscript contains novel, important findings. Based on your experience, you can foresee that its authors will receive a lot of accolades, possibly even prestigious prizes.
The manuscript describes how your competitor has been able to overcome one specific hurdle that has stalled your students and postdocs for months — it was a simple idea, a little fix, but for some reason you could not think of it. Damn !
You know, you are sure that, if your group implemented that very same simple fix, you could get the same results of your competitor, perhaps go even beyond what (s)he did. You think of how great it would be for you, your postdocs and your students, if it were your group to publish those findings first….

Ooh, now, the temptation of putting that manuscript at the bottom of a pile of stuff with a “to do” label on it, is really strong. After all, you are, and will remain anonymous to the author of the manuscript. The editor of the journal will not be on your case if it takes a couple extra week, maybe even a month, to submit a review. That will give you plenty of time to do the same experiment (after all, the size of your own group is twice that of your competitor), write a manuscript and submit it for publication. Naturally, you will make sure to request that your competitor not be selected to review it (something that (s)he obviously forgot to do, or was not allowed to do by the editor)…
You know that the reputation that you have come to enjoy within your community is higher than that of your younger, and lesser known competitor. Nobody will believe them when they will cry foul, contending that they had obtained that result before you… the community, in its wisdom, will simply dismiss them as crackpots, and laugh at them… as for their students and postdocs, you can always hire them in your group — heck, they are good…

According to Cath, and other friends of mine who do research in the life sciences, the above scenario is far from rare. People worry about it all the time. But in physics, I think it is fair to say that it is almost non-existent. Why ?
Manuscripts submitted for publication in physics are typically distributed around, at the time of submission, as preprints. Preprints constitute essentially an official record of completion of a piece of research work, available to the public before its publication on an actual journal. Electronic online archives such as ArXiv render the distribution of preprints straightforward, but the procedure of sending preprints to colleagues at other institution is decades old. I remember as a graduate student making dozens of copies of my first submitted manuscript, and sending them to a list of persons recommended to me by my major professor.

No evil scientist can really scoop a competitor, at that point. In a preprint-free world, they will simply claim not to have been aware of the existence of the work of the other group, at the time they submitted their own paper. But in the presence of the record provided by a preprint, that becomes very, very difficult [1]. The other group will always be able to point to its own preprint and claim priority.
Why is such a simple remedy not adopted in the life sciences as well ? According to Cath, there is no well-established tradition in her field, there are no suitable on-line archives (enjoying the same reputation and acceptance of ArXiv), and nobody is going to want to be the first. But even in the absence of a tradition, why not send dated preprints, with official university cover, to groups that could conceivably try to engage in unfair competition ? it would seem like a simple, obvious way to cover one’s back…

I am wondering whether the strong connection between research in the life sciences and industry, far stronger than in physics, might have something to do with that… but I shall defer comments to those who know more than me.

Notes

[0] Anyone answering a question at a conference in a way similar to “I am not at liberty of disclosing that information, which at this time should be regarded as exclusive property of our group, and as such classified”, would simply look silly and raise legitimate suspicions, at least in my discipline.

[1] Impossible ? No, not quite. Everything is possible, with humans. But unlikely enough that one ought not waste one’s time worrying about it, yes, it is.

Tags: Research, Science